Short answer first, then the reasoning. Dead space is the answer to the missing dose. A fixed-needle insulin syringe holds a few microlitres in the hub and needle after the plunger bottoms out, and on small draws that is a measurable percentage of every dose. Across ten draws it adds up to most of an eleventh, which is exactly the "nine draws from a ten-dose vial" complaint. Luer-lock syringes are worse; low-dead-space fixed-needle designs are better.

PurityPaulOR said:

Dead space is the answer to the missing dose.

Agreed, and it is worth saying that rounding to the nearest whole unit is usually acceptable at maintenance doses and is not acceptable at the bottom of a ladder, where one unit can be a fifth of the intended dose.

That is the short version; the long version is somebody else's post.

traveltech_sara said:

I reconstituted a 10mg vial with 2ml of bacteriostatic water and I want someone to check my unit arithmetic before I draw anything, because I keep…

Can confirm the pattern traveltech_sara describes. Do it in two steps and it stops being confusing. First concentration: 10mg into 2ml is 5mg/ml. Then volume: a 0.5mg dose is 0.5 ÷ 5 = 0.1ml. Then units, and this is where people go wrong — a U-100 syringe is graduated in hundredths of a millilitre, so 0.1ml is 10 units. The word "units" has nothing to do with milligrams; it is a volume marking that exists because insulin happens to come at 100 units per ml.

From the other side of the consultation, briefly.

For anyone reconstituting dosing arithmetic peptides: the water-to-powder ratio determines your concentration. Here's my reference:

More water = easier to measure small doses but vial runs out faster. Find the balance that works for your dose.